THE PRECAMBRIAN ERA

The Precambrian sub-divided into:

The Archean Era (about 3960-2500 Mya)

The Proterozoic Era (about 2500-540 Mya)

ACTIVITIES IN THE ARCHEAN ERA

Extensive Orogenesis

The prokaryotes, bacteria and blue-green algae emerged

Formation of Greenstone belts and banded iron ores

Shallow seas appeared.

ACTIVITIES IN THE PROTEROZOIC ERA

Eukaryotic cells and multicellular lives emerged

The Earth experienced warm and moist conditions

The Earth experienced Dry and Cold climate

Soft-bodied marine invertebrates (Earliest known fossils) e.g. Annelids, Sponges, Sea anemones emerged

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Vasquez Rocks

Have you heard of Vasquez Rock? Credit: The above picture will be alien except to those within the vicinity of Aqua Dulce, California or perhaps, those that have visited here at one time or the other. Just watch the arcs and the angles formed by this deposit!! In case you do not know, the image you are seeing is Vasquez Rocks. Am fascinated about the arcs and the acute angles formed by this deposit.. Your groundwater may be polluted!!! Nature is indeed wonderful!!!! For emphasis sake, this is in Aqua Dulce, California, north of Los Angeles. Research has it that the ‘arcs’ formed (i.e. tilting was as a result of the North American Plate collision with the Pacific Plate) along the San Andreas fault. We can see that the collision resulted in the uplift.

CAUSES OF WATER BOREHOLE FAILURES IN NIGERIA

HAVE YOU HEARD ABOUT OIL SHALES BEFORE?? Water is one of the most (if not the most) essential requirements for life existence on earth. It is a well known fact that the human body is made up of about 75% water. Apart from water for drinking, it is relied on for industrial and domestic chores. It is available in the surface and sub-surface. But the surface water is usually not enough and in most cases not available all year round due to seasonal variations namely: Rainy and Dry Seasons . During the Rainy Season, the Surface water becomes readily available (though may or may not be enough depending on the need) but the contrast is the case during Dry Season. Hence the resort to Boreholes . Let’s start by defining a Borehole. In the simplest term, as the name implies: Bore Hole. It means to ‘ bore a hole’ ; or simply put: ‘to drill a hole’, ‘to sink a hole’, ‘to punch a hole’ on the ground to create a cavity inside the ground where water can accumulate, be sto...

Principles and limitations geophysical method of exploration

Geophysics simply means the application of principles of physics in the study of the earth. The application of geophysics is vast. It can be used to study the entire Earth (Global geophysics), or for localized survey of the crust e.g for Engineering purposes. Geophysical survey is broadly classified into two based on the source of energy. 1. Natural field: This uses the electric, magnetic, electromagnetic and gravitational fields of the Earth 2. Artificial source: Involves the generation of artificial electrical or electromagnetic fields into the earth by a means of a D.C. Magnetic method is applied when searching for buried magnetite ores because of their high magnetic susceptibility. Electrical method is used when exploring for ground water because rocks resistances differ according to their water saturation levels. Seismic method is used for hydrocarbon exploration. It is worth noti...

GEO SOLUTIONS

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